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Serbo-Croatian is a South Slavic language with four national standards. This article deals exclusively with the Eastern Herzegovinian Neo-Shtokavian dialect, the basis for the standards of Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian. Serbo-Croatian has 30 phonemes, 25 consonants and 5 vowels, and a pitch accent. ==Consonants== The consonant system of Serbo-Croatian has 25 phonemes. One peculiarity is a presence of both post-alveolar and palatal affricates, but a lack of corresponding palatal fricatives. Unlike most other Slavic languages such as Russian, there is no hard–soft contrast for most consonants. * is labiodental before , as in ''tramvaj'' , whereas is velar before , as in ''stanka'' .〔 * are dental, whereas are alveolar. become laminal denti-alveolar , before dental consonants. * is palato-alveolar .〔, cited in 〕 * is a phonetic fricative, although it has less frication than . However, it does not interact with unvoiced consonants in clusters as a fricative would, and so is considered to be phonologically a sonorant (approximant).〔 * are voiced before voiced consonants. * Glottal stop may be inserted between vowels across word boundary, as in ''i onda'' .〔 * has more allophones: * * are retracted to before .〔 * * is retracted to when it is initial in a consonant cluster, as in ''hmelj'' .〔 * * is labiovelar before , as in ''vuk'' .〔 can be syllabic, short or long, and carry rising or falling tone, e.g. ('blood'), ('heart'), ('deer'), ('compassion'). It is typically realized by inserting a preceding or (more rarely) succeeding non-phonemic vocalic glide. is generally velarized ("dark", ()). Diachronically, it was fully vocalized into in coda positions, as in past participle : ('worked'). In some dialects, notably Torlakian, that process did not take place, and can be syllabic as well. However, in the standard language, vocalic /l/ appears only in loanwords, as in the name for the Czech river ''Vltava'' for instance, or ''debakl'', ''bicikl''. Very rarely other sonorants are syllabic, such as in the surname ''Štarklj'' and in ''njutn'' ('newton'). In more detailed phonetic studies, the post-alveolars () are described as apical ()〔 or retroflex (). In most spoken Croatian idioms, as well as in some Bosnian, there is a complete or partial merger between post-alveolar () and palatal affricates (). Alveolo-palatal fricatives are marginal phonemes, usually realized as . However, the emerging Montenegrin standard has proposed two additional letters, Latin , and Cyrillic , , for the phonemic sequences , which may be realized phonetically as . Voicing contrasts are neutralized in consonant clusters, so that all obstruents are either voiced or voiceless depending on the voicing of the final consonant, though this process of voicing assimilation may be blocked by syllable boundaries. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Serbo-Croatian phonology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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